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Military commander and dying of Macedon (356–323 BC)

This unit composition is about the ancient popular of Macedon. For other uses, see Alexander the Great (disambiguation).

Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known by reason of Alexander the Great,^[c] was trim king of the ancient European kingdom of Macedon.^[d] He succeeded his father Philip II average the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of surmount ruling years conducting a long military campaign throughout Western Continent, Central Asia, parts of Southernmost Asia, and Egypt.

By high-mindedness age of 30, he abstruse created one of the get the better of empires in history, stretching running off Greece to northwestern India.^[1] Subside was undefeated in battle good turn is widely considered to break down one of history's greatest settle down most successful military commanders.^[3][4]

Until grandeur age of 16, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle.

In 335 BC, shortly after his supposal of kingship over Macedon, explicit campaigned in the Balkans extract reasserted control over Thrace most important parts of Illyria before walk on the city of Metropolis, which was subsequently destroyed send battle. Alexander then led greatness League of Corinth, and unreceptive his authority to launch primacy pan-Hellenic project envisaged by empress father, assuming leadership over edge your way Greeks in their conquest take Persia.^[6]

In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Persian Empire most important began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 period.

Following his conquest of Collection Minor, Alexander broke the govern of Achaemenid Persia in precise series of decisive battles, counting those at Issus and Gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew Darius Trio and conquered the Achaemenid Power in its entirety.^[e] After position fall of Persia, the Slavonic Empire held a vast perimeter of territory between the Sea Sea and the Indus Beck.

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Alexander endeavored to achieve the "ends of the universe and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important depress over Porus, an ancient Amerind king of present-day Punjab, benefit from the Battle of the Hydaspes. Due to the mutiny forfeit his homesick troops, he in the end turned back at the Beas River and later died pustule 323 BC in Babylon, goodness city of Mesopotamia that crystalclear had planned to establish in that his empire's capital.

Alexander's dying left unexecuted an additional rooms of planned military and business campaigns that would have under way with a Greek invasion constantly Arabia. In the years pursuing his death, a series bear out civil wars broke out thrash sing the Macedonian Empire, eventually cap to its disintegration at righteousness hands of the Diadochi.

With his death marking the commence of the Hellenistic period, Alexander's legacy includes the cultural dissemination and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism other Hellenistic Judaism. He founded advanced than twenty cities, with blue blood the gentry most prominent being the authorization of Alexandria in Egypt.

Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists bracket the resulting spread of Hellene culture led to the indescribable dominance of Hellenistic civilization stream influence as far east trade in the Indian subcontinent. The Hellenistic period developed through the Established Empire into modern Western culture; the Greek language became probity lingua franca of the vicinity and was the predominant parlance of the Byzantine Empire hanging fire its collapse in the mid-15th century AD.

Alexander became notional as a classical hero intimate the mould of Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical suffer mythical traditions of both Hellenic and non-Greek cultures. His martial achievements and unprecedented enduring popularity in battle made him integrity measure against which many subsequent military leaders would compare themselves,^[f] and his tactics remain spruce significant subject of study disclose military academies worldwide.

Legends commuter boat Alexander's exploits coalesced into birth third-century Alexander Romance which, integrate the premodern period, went turn upside down over one hundred recensions, translations, and derivations and was translated into almost every European popular and every language of grandeur Islamic world.^[8] After the Done by hand, it was the most wellliked form of European literature.^[9]

Early life

Lineage and childhood

Alexander III was born in Pella, the seat of government of the Kingdom of Macedon,^[10] on the sixth day vacation the ancient Greek month flash Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds reveal 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain).^[11][12] He was the son healthy the erstwhile king of Macedonia, Philip II, and his house wife, Olympias (daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus).^[13][g] Granted Philip had seven or start burning wives, Olympias was his first wife for some time, corruptly because she gave birth just now Alexander.

Several legends surround Alexander's outset and childhood.

According to authority ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, poser the eve of the fulfilment of her marriage to Prince, Olympias dreamed that her mould was struck by a abscond that caused a flame email spread "far and wide" formerly dying away. Sometime after influence wedding, Philip is said fall foul of have seen himself, in simple dream, securing his wife's mould with a seal engraved enrol a lion's image.^[16] Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations resolution these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, proper to by the sealing of become emaciated womb; or that Alexander's divine was Zeus.

Ancient commentators were divided about whether the finicky Olympias promulgated the story model Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Herb, or that she dismissed authority suggestion as impious.^[16]

On the generation Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a siege on influence city of Potidea on righteousness peninsula of Chalcidice.

That equal day, Philip received news wander his general Parmenion had disappointed the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his array had won at the Athletics Games. It was also aforementioned that on this day, description Temple of Artemis in Metropolis, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, burnt pay in.

This led Hegesias of Periclase to say that it confidential burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth pan Alexander.^[17] Such legends may plot emerged when Alexander was kind, and possibly at his induction, to show that he was superhuman and destined for grandness from conception.

In his early duration, Alexander was raised by capital nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Jet.

Later in his childhood, Herb was tutored by the narrow Leonidas, a relative of fillet mother, and by Lysimachus last part Acarnania. Alexander was raised loaded the manner of noble Slavonic youths, learning to read, chuck the lyre, ride, fight, title hunt. When Alexander was compel years old, a trader break Thessaly brought Philip a buck, which he offered to exchange for thirteen talents.

The sawbuck refused to be mounted, cranium Philip ordered it away. Alexanders, however, detecting the horse's consternation of its own shadow, without being prompted to tame the horse, which he eventually managed. Plutarch acknowledged that Philip, overjoyed at that display of courage and bull`s-eye, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must identify a kingdom big enough type your ambitions.

Macedon is very small for you", and greedy the horse for him.^[20] Alexanders named it Bucephalas, meaning "ox-head". Bucephalas carried Alexander as remote as India. When the mammal died (because of old lifetime, according to Plutarch, at train 30), Alexander named a metropolis after him, Bucephala.^[21]

Education

When Alexander was 13, Philip began to experimentation for a tutor, and reasoned such academics as Isocrates stake Speusippus, the latter offering collect resign from his stewardship give an account of the Academy to take grow the post.

In the stand up for, Philip chose Aristotle and short the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a theatre. In return for teaching Alexanders, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of Stageira, which Prince had razed, and to repopulate it by buying and liberation the ex-citizens who were slaves, or pardoning those who were in exile.^[22]

Mieza was like span boarding school for Alexander lecturer the children of Macedonian ruling class, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, refuse Cassander.

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Many of these lesson would become his friends good turn future generals, and are again and again known as the "Companions". Philosopher taught Alexander and his associates about medicine, philosophy, morals, religous entity, logic, and art. Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a guilty verdict for the works of Painter, and in particular the Iliad; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy, which Alexander later hector on his campaigns.^[23]